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Hey Human Resource Issues In International Business

Introduction

The essay looks at key human resource issues likely to be faced by Macro X company upon expanding into the international market. Owing to the fact that the company already markets its products in the European market, then chances of succeeding in the international market are high. Besides this, the company has a solid human resource background characterised by performance management systems, strong commitment to learning and development, mechanisms for employee involvement and sophisticated selection and recruitment methods. (Wilkins, 2004)

Numerous companies have considered international expansion as an option both within the European Union and without. This is because international expansion provides millions of consumers at a business’s disposal. However, these benefits do no come easily. The essay shall examine the challenges, methods of tackling these challenges and organisational changes that can enhance internationalisation.

Key HR issues likely to be faced by Macro X

Twenty years ago, international business had been a reserve for large multinational corporations alone. However, globalisation has changed this attitude, these days even small companies consider international expansion as a viable option. Going global presents numerous advantages but there are still so many other human resource issues that the company has to deal with.

Companies that choose to go global have the opportunity of harnessing opportunities that they would not have access to in their own markets. If Macro X chooses to go global, then they will have heightened their performance over and above their competitors. Besides that, the company will get an opportunity to access suppliers who may be more cost effective than their local counterparts. As if the latter are not enough, going global will allow the latter company to mitigate its risks. This is because by marketing one’s products across a wide range of companies, then one reduces their level of dependence on a particular supply chain, production method and or sourcing method. Going global makes it possible for companies to access fresh talent pools; For Macro X, they stand to gain access to some of the creative minds in the computer games industry especially from the United States and the Asian market. By doing this, the company will be increasing their growth rates.

Initial project plan for organisation’s internal strategy

Given the above advantages, the latter company must make several decisions regarding their expansion strategy. First, the company could analyse which countries are the most profitable or the most promising. The company also has to consider the most appropriate time to make this move. Besides, that, it is also necessary to look at some of the macro economic factors that are likely to affect the company’s expansion process. This means that an in depth look at how global trade is currently being run needs to be taken into account. In line with these considerations, Macro X also has to take into account the political issues within target markets. It is most appropriate for the company to consider countries that have earned a reputation for being economist/ investment hot spots. Besides that, the company needs to look at issues such as climate or health threats. (Brewer, 2003)

Given the current economic conditions, it would most favourable for Macro X to consider the Asian countries. Examples here include Thailand, India and China. These latter mentioned countries have attracted numerous foreign investments owing to their incentives. Besides that, the latter countries’ economies have been performing very well in the past years. This means that Macro X will have a cushion for their operations  there and will not have to worry about regulatory concerns. The latter countries are also quite viable owing to the availability of computer related items i.e. it is dependable there. The quality of labour within these countries is also quite high and is very affordable in comparison to workers in the European market. Foreign exchange risks in these countries are also relatively low compared to what other companies offer. These facts indicate that Macro X stands to minimise problems in the supply chain by using such an approach. . (Wallerstein, 2000)

Macro X should also look at the most applicable business model to use in the international market. The company needs to be ready for handling numerous markets at the same time. The company should also focus on creating a substantial market base within the respective market countries. This is because one must look at these three options

Taking a brand as it is to the international market Creating a new brand to suit specific markets Purchasing a brand from the respective country

In the case of Macro X, it would be more appropriate to create new brands for the local market. This is because if the company adopt purely international tactics in the target markets, then it will lack a local touch and may never be fully accepted.

The company should also change its business processes in such a manner that it incorporates the respective locals. This is because doing so will encourage diversity. Successful multinationals are those ones that have a diverse workforce. This goes a long way in ensuring that problems are solved using a  conceptual framework. Macro X should realise that the use of a formulaic approach to problem solving will not work in the international arena.

It is necessary for the company to incorporate local business cultures within its own operations. If the company carries its business practices from the European continent into other international markets without changing them, then it is likely to face numerous hurdles while implementing them. Consequently, it would be more favourable to change business culture to suit respective environments. In line with the latter strategy, the company should also incorporate the rule of law within those respective countries. Some countries have very high standards for the rule of law while others do not. Besides that, the company should be more ready for different financial systems. Some countries highly regulate their money market and accessibility to financial markets in such countries may be difficult. It would therefore be necessary for the company to look for alternative methods of financing itself if the laws within the target countries happen to be less stringent. (Dunning, 2001)

Another crucial aspect that will form part of the global strategy of the Macro X company is the issue of governance structures. Once the company goes global, it will be catering to a wider range of stakeholders. Consequently, there will be need to integrate them in the governance structures. In line with this thought, the company should take corporate social responsibility very seriously. This means that the company should apply ethical standards and procedures when doing business with local contractors and suppliers too. On top of that, the company needs to ensure that they exceed local standards of production because they need to have an edge over their competitors.

Macro X should also be aware about the reporting duties to the mother company in the UK. This will be largely governed by the stakeholders involved and the nature of the regulatory laws within the respective countries.

Horizontal integration

The company should consider horizontal integration as a viable option where horizontal integration in this case refers to the process of acquiring businesses that operate within the same level or category of the value chain. The company should examine all the products and services that relate to it and see which ones are most viable. Taking the example of a company such as Standard Oil Company of the US; the company horizontally integrated its production process by acquiring forty refineries. The company chose the most directly related service i.e. companies that deal with oil purification. Another example of a company that horizontally integrated was the Harley Davidson Company. This company was a motorcycle manufacturer but decided to venture into motorcycle utilities by acquiring companies that specialised in those products. (Buckley and Casson, 2006)

Macro X should consider horizontal integration as an option because they stand to benefit tremendously from such an approach. If the company chooses to horizontally integrate, then they can benefit from economies of scale. The company will increase its production capacities thus bringing about greater savings from these larger numbers. The second advantage of horizontally integrating is that the company will tap the economies of scope. This refers to the use of similar resources for the same product. The company will have the benefit of synergising the common resources with companies they plan to horizontally integrate with. The other major advantage of such an approach is the fact that the company can gain greater access to supplier chains and other members of the value chain. The latter would have been exceptionally difficult if the company tried to access the market on their own, as they would have minimal influence within those foreign markets. Besides that, the company will also go a long way in ensuring that they have reduced the cost of doing international trade. This will be possible if the company opts to transfer some of its production services to countries that charge lower costs. Since the company specialises in the production of personal computers, then it would be favourable to take the technical aspects to Asian countries and direct its other types of services to the western world which speaks the same language as their mother company.

It is possible for the company to take advantage of some of the perceptions that consumers have about their products. For instance, the company would still offer a wide range of products under a similar name after establishing themselves within the respective market. This means that synergy need not apply to only one particular product alone. (Wallerstein, 2000)

It should be noted that the pursuance of horizontal strategies cannot be considered a bed of roses for Macro X. the company is likely to encounter some problems along the way. Therefore, it is necessary for the company to study respective countries and then decide whether to horizontally integrate its products there. For instance, the company is likely to have problems if it chooses to horizontally integrate in a country that is saturated with the commodity. In this case, the company may face anti-trust issues where it may loose millions in court battles with companies who feel threatened by their integration. Therefore, horizontal integration will not wok in all the foreign countries chosen for investment.

It should be noted that some products seem connected but they may not be in actual sense. Taking the example of computer software and hardware, one might imagine that horizontally integrating companies that deal with computer hardware and software may bring about economies of scale. However, this perception is quite misleading. As a matter of fact, numerous companies have wasted their resources doing this yet they got no substantial economic benefits. The company could integrate seemingly related commodities only after doing a thorough research in that particular country to ensure that they will receive tangible benefits by doing this.

It is essential for the company to remember that the benefits of horizontal integration do not come easily. It will take a while before the company begins realising cost savings. Consequently, the company should stick to its company strategy as it expands the business because this will be the guideline for implementing horizontal strategies. Jumping from one approach to another could only bring about problems for the respective company.    (Alfaro, 2003)

Vertical integration

Vertical integration is another option that the company should consider while entering the international market. This may be described as the process by which firms acquire companies that operate in different levels of the value chain. It should be noted that integration can occur either forward or backward. There are a variety of reasons why Macro X should consider this method as a viable option. First of all, the company will reduce the level of uncertainties in certain parts of the value chain. Additionally, the company will reduce costs of conducting transactions between these levels of the value chain.

The issue of vertical integration has brought about great benefits. Taking the example of the United States; this country created a amass market during the nineteen sixties only through the process of vertically integrated corporations The corporations had the following elements:

Well coordinated Vertically integrated Hierarchical Large

At that time, the latter qualities necessitated the use of various divisions within single enterprises thus bringing about the notion of vertical integration. (Williamson, 2001)

When Macro X chooses to vertically integrate their commodities and services, then they will be making an otherwise external process to become an internal one. This means that the company will have acquired an advantage that their competitors can only imagine. This is possible owing to the fact that vertical integration will be a way of allowing the respective company to respond to the technical aspects of their operations. However, it should be noted that other industries necessitate greater levels of coordination than others, consequently, if vertical integration occurs across borders, then it would be difficult to coordinate them. In this case, the computer games industry is one such industry. The company would be faced with major difficulties trying to deal with different aspects of production from different countries. This means that the company will only reap the benefits of vertical integration if it restricted these to value chain levels within the same country.

Despite these anomalies in the process, the firm will be able to enhance their revenue through the approach. Additionally, the company will also avoid the issue of perfect competition. Perfect competition makes Macro X particularly susceptible to normal levels of economic returns. The returns will be greatly increased if the company chooses to vertically integrate their products or services.

The following aspects are key to the success of the company is it considers to vertically integrate

Organisation Rarity Costliness in imitation Valuable

The company ought to ensure that their vertical integration strategies are unique. This means that the company ought to look for new ways of transacting using this approach. By so doing, the company will have made their benefits above average. However, the definition of rarity largely depends on the value created by the integration and not on how common this kind of strategy is in the industry. (Wells and Fagre, 2002)

In the event that the vertical integration strategies are not that rare, then the company should ascertain that they are at least costly to imitate. By doing this, the company will have substantially improved their competitive levels.  It should be noted that the definition of rarity does not just depend on the nature of the vertical integration; instead, it depends on the sort of value created by the commodity if a competitor chooses to imitate it. Rarity comes about as result of historical uniqueness that is only synonymous to a certain company. It also comes about as a result of the social complexity that is unique to the commodity. A service or product maybe socially complex when small numbers of marketers exist. Besides that, if the capital requirement required for the service are prohibitive. Besides that, it is also possible to create rarity by causal ambiguity.

Vertical integration may be done either through internal development or through acquisition. In internal development, the company chooses to change the way they go about their production process. However, in acquisition, the firm owns a supplier. But in either case, the company will expand its boundaries so as to accommodate the new team player. (Alfaro, 2003)

The company should be very careful about organising their functions. This means that the level of competition and cooperation between these separate entities needs to be kept in check. The time horizon is another thing that should be organised so as to make vertical integration effective. Lastly, the company should ensure that the desired value of the chain will be achieved and that there will be effective cooperation between the two functions.

Conclusion

Profits may only be realised after considering the various obstacles and challenges. These include language barriers, cultural differences, currency differences, availability of skills, disparities in management structures between the investing country and the target country, legal obstacles in the target country, administrative differences and many other issues. The essay has examined the possible options that Macro X company can choose to counter these challenges and human resource issues that the company is likely to encounter when going global.(Dunning, 2001)

Reference:

Alfaro, L. (2003): Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: Harvard Business School

Brewer, T. (2003): Market Imperfection, Government policies and FDI; International Business Studies Journal, 24, (1), 101-120

Buckley P. and Casson, M. (2006): The Future of Multinational Corporations; Holmes and Meyer

Dunning, J. (2001): The Multinational Enterprise; Allen and Unwin

Wells L. and Fagre N.  (2002): Bargaining power of multinationals and host governments; International Business Studies Journal, 13, (2), 9-23

Williamson, O. (2001): The Vertical Integration of Production; American Economic Review, No. 71, 112-123

Wilkins, M. (2004): The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise; Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Wallerstein, M. (2000): The Capitalist World Economy; Cambridge University Press

TRENDS AND CHANGES IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

By Arshad Husain

 

Introduction

Forecasting changes in the international business environment is critical for the constituents in the policy, corporate, and academic communities. As the importance and impact of international business overall has increased, there is a commensurate need to identify, as early as possible, emerging issues and assess their potential contributions to change. While there are many individual broad visions as to the future business environment, a more specific way to engage in this activity is to get the business, policy and research communities to interact in the process of outlining possible scenarios and resulting actions. Since no one region or location can be the only origin of change, a diversity of opinion across geographies secures a more balanced portfolio of comments.

For all concerned, the possibility to identify, analyze, and debate changes allows for the timely preparation of strategies in response. While some of the issues presented may already be emerging, the ideal results identify early warning of outlying phenomena thereby allowing policy makers and business leaders to execute proactive responses. Similarly, academics can be prescriptive in their research rather than analyzing what may have already occurred.

Interestingly, most agree that international trends are more important than they were only a few years ago, yet action on these trends is lagging. In their survey of 1,136 executives, McKinsey and Co. (2008) found that relatively few companies act on the trends identified. In addition, the cross-over of information between the “silos” of disciplines is very limited. For example, top management publications show an insignificant share of articles focused on the international and policy dimensions. On the average only 5 percent of articles present an international focus (Werner & Brouthers, 2002). At the same time, only 11 percent of policy articles focus on international issues (Sprott & Miyazaki, 2002).

Method

This study used the Delphi technique, which has been called the cornerstone of future research. The method integrates the opinions of experts using multiple waves of data collection. The 50-year old method is used by leading corporations and organizations to develop strategic guidelines (Duboff, 2007). Results of the technique have been used to guide decisions into investing in new technologies and markets.

1.Terrorism

 A growing emphasis on national interests and local culture will increase terrorism and lead to higher security standards. There are likely to be growing policy-triggered restrictions in global transportation and corporate linkages. Firms and policy makers have a very clear understanding that terrorism is an ongoing phenomenon to be confronted. Combating terrorism was seen as a fact of life and history, resulting in a continuous job for push-back to be conducted multi-laterally and without compromise.

Counter-terrorism needs to preclude the failure of the will of the people and governments opposing the terrorists. The root causes of terrorism were identified as policies towards immigrants and the sometimes dividing roles taken on by advocates of specific religions, cultures, regions, or races. Approaches proposed to address these root causes were education, improved nourishment, and the ability to control one’s own destiny. But there will also be a growing emphasis on national interests accompanied by limited readiness for multilateral solutions. It will be a key task for governments to diffuse such desires rather than coddle to popular demands. Only with the collaboration of all parties concerned can local and regional protectionism and de-globalization be avoided. The greatest imperative will be to develop and maintain the power to execute peace.

2. Globalization

Key gains of globalization are achieved by consumers, intermediaries, and originators, since those participating in the supply chain can move to different locations to benefit for low costs or other advantages. The key issue is mobility. Workers are not necessarily able to take advantage of this since the cost of moving may be quite high due to different environments and cultures.

Education and training are crucial for better and more rewarding tasks for workers. When asked how countries can move up on the globalization chain, our panelists consistently rated education as the most important component, followed by competition and investment. A discussion forum with former Latin American presidents fully supported this perspective (Pino, 2007). However, there was a sharp divide between panelists when it came to the content of education. Some stressed the importance of keeping up with learning both quantitative and qualitative knowledge. Others believed that learning of difficult knowledge – say physics, mathematics, chemistry – could be outsourced to those who revel in such materials. Quality education time could then be dedicated to other pursuits, such as music, art, or poetry. Repeatedly, the question arose whether learning was to serve an inner spiritual desire or society and whether, for example, the implantation of a ‘knowledge chip’ would be better or worse than the stepwise acquisition of knowledge under difficult or even unpleasant conditions. A key point was: Are we really all dumb since the invention of the calculator?

3. Corruption

Corruption is a major detractor from global welfare and local economic development. Its consequences are shoddily built roads, structures that collapse, clinics with equipment purchased at high prices or inappropriate specifications. In all such circumstances vast public expenditures do not achieve the envisioned use and local interest suffer.

Typical side payments are 10-15 percent of all major expenditures, with much higher levels in the developing world. “It is human nature to lubricate relationship with gratuity” was a typical statement, with more diversion attributed to high-context cultures (e.g., Latin America, Latin Europe, and Asia) and less to low-context ones (e.g., United States, Northern and Germanic Europe). Yet, the social acceptance of corruption was seen as a bigger danger because it protects the elite from domestic scrutiny and control. Therefore, the ongoing impact of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the OECD discussions were seen as instrumental in reducing or at least containing such misappropriations. More multilateral action is seen as necessary to ensure broad, continuous and relentless enforcement of measures against violators. Beneficiaries of excessive wealth from bribery will eventually be pursued globally to return their ill gotten gains.

4. Cultural adjustment

There is a strong belief that cultures around the globe will become more similar to each other, particularly in the area of macro issues such as accountability, performance expectations, freedom accorded within society, and product preferences. Such cultural assimilations were also seen to be profoundly influenced by the United States, threatening less-dominant cultures. At the same time, it will be more difficult to export overwhelmingly uniform ways of thinking due to an increase in regional and local sovereignty and calls for cultural protectionism even by multilateral organizations such as UNESCO. 

History indicates that cultures rise and fall over time, with conflict in the process, regardless of information flows, insights, and learning. Otherwise, the world would now be speaking Greek, Latin, Turkish, or Arabic. Already today, the use of English as a business language can create resentment and hostility. Companies are discovering that language also conveys cultural norms, which, in turn, reduce the creativity and local connections of their employees. It appears to be quite likely that firms will increasingly develop a norm stating ‘we did not hire you for your English’ which will introduce a new multi-polarity to global management.

5. Information

Even though a greater diversification of information sources may typically provide for better knowledge evolution, there is an expectation of fewer data sources offering increasingly larger quantities of data due to mergers and acquisitions, cost cutting, or limited user willingness to pay. Such developments are likely to affect accuracy and reliability making data use heavily trust-dependent. To a growing degree data users may demand more insights into the origin of information in order to gauge its validity. Just like butchers are expected to label the meat they sell with precise origins, information providers need to offer data locale and source of origin. Under such conditions, the locality of data can be systematically used to enhance credibility; e.g., through increased use of local debt-rating agencies.

Due to more transparent sourcing, there will be a decrease in the willingness of firms and people to offer information. Nebulous laws and restrictions may be increasing the threat of law suits. Also, the gains from free information that have greatly helped businesses and individuals in the past 10 years are likely to shrink.

 6. Location and source of growth

 In terms of geography, emerging market economies will continue to increase their impact on the global economy. The treat of polarization and an increase in regional and the local trade and finance relations will encourage an eventual completion of the Doha Round of trade negotiations. Countries will focus on those issues which are most relevant for their economies, thus leading to a differentiation of players which grow, make, create and coordinate things. Significant new opportunities will develop within emerging economies. At the same time, growing efficiency in these countries will also present them with new markets in developed countries. There will be more cooperation between there emerging nations, resulting in more integration among them, and perhaps more protectionism outside of their sphere. Developing nations will welcome more diversity of partners and will welcome increased competition among larger players. For some countries, this collaboration is also likely to introduce new global moral positions, raising the relative precedence of business, politics, human dignity and freedom. While efficiency will gain in importance, there will also be more incorporation of Eastern business practices into overall methods. Overall, economic power is likely to shift globally to Asia, both in terms of investment and output.

China will be the player to watch. For firm’s who are planning to enter the global market, China will become the new New York on the basis that “if you can make it there, you can make it anywhere.” Due to domestic pressures fueled by weaknesses in the banking system, urban/rural imbalances, and regional political dissonance, top Chinese corporations are likely to expand significantly overseas. Multinational firms from third world countries will expand in general, and the Fortune 1,000 will soon include a significant number of China-headquartered companies. There will also be a significant increase in mergers and acquisitions lead by Chinese companies.

Another important participant will be India. That country’s opening will rival the growth of China, due to its wide spread facility with the English language, its close alignment with the rule of law, a well developed commercial infrastructure and a democratic government. Companies are likely to see India as both a primary place for outsourcing and as an important market for their goods. In particular, Indian linkages in the communications and information sectors are likely to soar.

7. Environment, conservation and sustainability

China will demonstrate only limited concern towards the environment, even though environmental problems will have a major effect on its ability to compete as a global manufacturing center. Medical, environmental and other social costs will dramatically reduce the advantages of firms to manufacture in China – therefore leading to a move of FDI to other locations, including the U.S. and Europe.

One consequence of China’s and India’s rapid growth will be an ongoing depletion of natural resources. Aspirations for economic progress and better lifestyles will cause shortages in the natural resources. In consequence, the sourcing and controlling of important raw materials will be a key strategic issue, often leading to preferential bilateral agreements perhaps even in contradiction to multilateral arrangements. Governments will attempt to put more land into grain production and also use tools such as subsides and price controls. Scarcity will also drive up the price of consumer alcohol. Protection of materials within society from theft will become a key issue (e.g. cutting electrical wires to steal copper). Recycling and recovery will grow as vital business opportunities. Farming will become highly attractive and profitable again as fuel production from food accelerates. The global shortage of potable water will be re-discovered as a key issue and a key constraint on global advancement and wellbeing. There will be much higher government investments in desalination and reverse osmosis technologies and more emphasis on water conservation.

In light of public concern about climate change, there will be growing preference for energy saving technologies and a reduction and limit to energy use. A stream of scientific and non-scientific proof will be offered for global warming, with any unusual natural phenomenon being blames for global warming. Public impressions and perceptions will lead to changes in living patterns, – for example the population of dry arid and hot climate areas may well shift due to water shortages and, say, limits to the use of air conditioning technology. Such effects will occur even if it becomes generally accepted that global warming is only slightly dependent on human activities – given the overriding argument of: what can it hurt?

Africa may well emerge in the offering the most opportunities for green investments and the accumulation of carbon credits. However, is the transfer of resources resulting from carbon trading grows; such trading will become, in the eyes of governments, non-sustainable and therefore prohibitive. There is more likely to be an increase in international agreements (both multilateral and bilateral) which set a framework for corporations, promotion and subsidies for technologies and products which protect the environment. Rich countries will give more importance to this concern, and most internationally operating companies will take this concern seriously.

8. Demographics

The aging of populations of North America and Europe will be joined by those of Asia and Latin America. These older populations will become a growing customer segment for the financial-services sector as well as to providers of health care and appropriate household products. In particular, the lack of public support for the disabled and needy – often the result of cultural traditions – will create problems for generations caught in transition. At the same time, there will be major opportunities as older generations will expect more education, entertainment and involvement to enjoy their increased leisure time.

As baby-boomer societies experience waves of retirement, companies will shift to increase employee longevity and loyalty. New and substantial incentives will be designed to maintain expertise within and to reduce the need to find specialists outside the firm.

Conclusions and discussion

Three dimensions were seen to drive a future vision of globalization. These were first, the reduction of global inequality; second, new and widely enforced global rules which would provide stability and consistency of basic rights and obligations across borders; third was the support for individual freedom. There was an expectation that over time, nations, institutions, and individuals around the world will increasingly accept these dimensions as the foundation of the good life. In reciprocal causality, freedom is seen to cause and facilitate international marketing, while international marketing is a key pillar in support of the cause of freedom.

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International Virtual Office: Grow Your Business Globally

A virtual office can be stated as a blend of both off-site live communication and address services that permit the users to reduce the cost of traditional office while maintaining business professionalism at the same time. A virtual office can escape all expenses of a traditional office. The concept of virtual office evolved from the old maildrop and executive suites industry, but due to its inflexibility it did not work well with various business models. This has actually spurred various companies to offer international virtual office services that maintain the image of a traditional, expensive office.

An international virtual office may actually facilitate your business to grow and by establishing such a presence you will cherish a physical office address containing an international flavor. It is to be kept in mind that you can be located anywhere in the world, own a citizenship of any country, and yet enjoy having an office anywhere in the world. An international virtual office will not only create an effective presence in the professional environment but will also add credibility to your business.

While selecting a service provider you need to be very careful as it plays an integral role in the progress and development of the business. With a professional virtual office you can easily manage your emails, meetings contacts; documents, etc form any computer over an internet connection and a web browser. Some types of virtual offices help you to share your data efficiently in the context of work and provides all the facility to run a home based business or a company wanting to achieve business goals. Virtual offices offer offices and suites of varying sizes and combinations that are suitable accordingly to your business needs and have the flexibility of expanding the base when required. A perfectly located virtual office can provide you with all amenities that an actual office will provide you.

A virtual office is equipped with all the modern business amenities that offer a flexible and attractive office accommodation to add a professional look to your business. International virtual office service providers enable you to be perceived to be an established and large organization that can do business globally.